Central problem of an economy free essay sample

Economics is the branch of social science which studies the human wants and their satisfaction. Human wants are unlimited and resources to satisfy these wants are limited . The problem of allocating the scarce resources to satisfy the infinite wants is the central economic problem. In economics, the term ‘scarcity’ means that wants are greater than resources. The resources in an economy refers to the factors of production ie, land, labour, capital and organization. The producers have to decide how factors of production shall be employed and the consumers have to decide which of their wants are to be satisfied. Thus scarcity and choice are the central problems of an economy. Basic Economic Problems or Decisions Since there is the problem of scarcity of productive resources in every economy, it has to take certain basic decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services in the economy. These decision making process is otherwise called as the Basic economic problems of an economy . We will write a custom essay sample on Central problem of an economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basic economic problems faced by any country are the following. 1. What to Produce? What to produce refers to what goods and services and in how much quantities are to be produced by the economy. The millions of people living in a country require many goods and services. But due to the scarcity of resources, the economy is not capable of producing all these goods and services. Increase in the production of one commodity will limits the production of other commodities. 2. How to Produce? How to produce refers to the method/technique of production. Techniques /methods/choice of production There are mainly two methods used in production; a) Labour intensive method and b) Capital intensive method. 10Method of production in which more labour and less capital are used is called Labour Intensive method Method of production in which more capital and less labour are used is called Capital Intensive method . Labour intensive method is suitable for developing countries and capital intensive method is suitable for developed countries. E. g. ; Cloth can be produced on hand looms or power looms. If hand looms are used, relatively more labour and less capital is employed. In the case of power looms, more capital and less labor is required. 3. For whom to Produce? For whom to produce refers how the total output is divided among consumers. Since goods and services produced are limited, all wants of the people cannot be satisfied by a country. 4. How to achieve Economic Growth? The attainment of rapid economic growth is another basic economic problem. Economic growth refers to an increase in the real per capita income of a country. Rapid economic growth can be attained by fuller utilization of the available resources. Economic growth of an economy can be represented by an outward shift in the Production Possibility Curve.

Internal Controls solutions of Finances Accounting Processes

Question: Discuss about the Internal Controls for Scu Limited. Answer: Internal controls solutions support the office of finance's accounting processes toward the financial close, as well as targeting improvements in management reporting and analysis and external financial reporting and disclosure. Although financial consolidation is one of six critical components in an organization's Internal controls approach, it was not a necessity for a vendor's solution to be evaluated. For example, two of the Leaders in this Magic Quadrant do not have financial consolidation as part of their solutions, but are Leaders in disclosure and reconciliations/close management. A vendor may be included in the Magic Quadrant if its solution has two out of the six key components of internal controls. Enforce Discipline on Role Management Through Methodology and Governance Many people are likely to be involved in enterprise role management over the course of the IAM program. Because the semantic distinctions between roles for people and resources are intended to protect the organization from costly role management mistakes, an organization-specific methodology should be established to protect the integrity of role management. Such a methodology should dictate processes for role engineering, and define guidelines for the topology of roles in each layer. The methodology should be enforced through a governance process that institutes formality over role engineering. Proposed changes to roles may need to be reviewed by a governance forum before they can be used. The level of ceremony needed in the governance process should be dictated by the needs of each layer. For example, the methodology may dictate that, because the risk of role explosion is often higher in the people layer than in the resource layer, all people-layer roles should require approval by a role architect (or a role board in larger organizations) before being activated. Internal controls also includes components of EFCA capabilities and financial consolidation capabilities. These applications ultimately help CFOs and other SCU Limited leaders to gain a clear picture of their financial and organizational performance by ensuring the accuracy of the consolidation for operational and financial information that forms the basis for SCU Limited decisions. Internal controls market share and revenue levels remain important factors; however, their significance has been reduced to give additional weight to new license and subscription revenue rather than maintenance revenue. Other scoring changes include, but are not limited to, an increased significance for: The value the vendor solutions apply to accounting processes in order to provide a baseline for performance and financial reporting. While some of the solutions may operate during the month, most of these processes focus on the post-GL financial and management close. Product strategy To reflect the value generated from a grouping of individual products as opposed to a complete Internal controls suite. Hence, financial consolidation is not a requirement for inclusion and if a vendor has two out of the six pillars of Internal controls, it may be included. Market understanding To reflect a wider product vision, and marketing and sales strategies that leverage direct sales, an ecosystem of affiliates and existing market recognition. Customer satisfaction To reflect the importance of vendor trust in a market where cloud-based solutions continue to gain traction. A range of Internal controls vendors address the financial close needs of small ($10 million to $100 million in annual revenue), midsize ($100 million to $1 billion in annual revenue) and large ($1 billion or more in annual revenue) organizations. The most common use of Internal controls solutions is to support financial and management reporting, either for corporate finance or for individual SCU Limited units or departments. A growing number of vendors have been enhancing their ease of use, best-practice enablement, time to value, collaboration and analytics capabilities alongside platform and integration improvements. As a result, these Internal controls applications can further enhance a finance department's ability to provide a performance baseline to its constituents to manage the SCU Limited. The Internal controls application market includes traditional on-premises vendors with modified, or new, cloud-based solutions and pure play SaaS. The Internal controls market includes vendors that also offer ERP solutions, but in order to be included, ERP vendors must show significant market presence and Internal controls investment outside their ERP customer base. (Note that if your current ERP vendor offers Internal controls capabilities such as financial consolidation, but does not appear in this analysis, you should still consider adding it to your Internal controls product evaluation for consideration.) This market also includes vendors that have SCPM capabilities, which are not considered in (nor do they influence) the vendor scoring for Internal controls. Core financial management applications provide visibility into an enterprise's financial position through automation and process support for any activity that has a financial impact. They include the core functional areas of general ledger (GL), accounts payable, accounts receivable (AR), fixed assets (FA) and project accounting. Our definition also includes basic purchasing functionality (from requisition to purchase order processing) but not strategic sourcing or e-procurement. Core financial management applications are sold as an integrated suite and also provide financial reporting as needed by local and international regulations. In addition to these core capabilities, some vendors also offer capabilities that extend the core financial management functionality, including: Project billing and resourcing This is often required in addition to project accounting by service- and project-centric organizations that bill clients for their services. Inventory management Basic inventory management functionality is often required by organizations that may hold some stock for resale or for allocation to projects but do not perform manufacturing or are not distributors/wholesalers. Sales order management Many organizations that are not manufacturers or distributors still need the capability to process sales orders (for example, software companies). Travel and expense management (TEM) This extends AP functionality to support employee travel and reimbursement. Although there is a significant crossover of solutions between these segments, they give an indication of suitability for organizations evaluating core financial management applications. For example, a solution mainly focused on organizations with revenue of $1 billion or more is unlikely to be a good fit for an organization with $50 million in revenue, unless it was planning on very rapid expansion. Similarly, geographic focus is an important indicator of suitability because vendors have to address specific financial, tax and regulatory requirements at a country and region level. Core financial management applications often do not have a strong industry focus because much of the functionality is common across industries. Organization size and complexity are more important factors in selecting the most appropriate finance solution. However, some vendors do have strengths in particular industries in terms of functionality and installed base. References: Wijaya, R.E., Ludigdo, U., Baridwan, Z. and Prihatiningtias, Y.W., 2015. Paradigm Blurred: Opera Cake in Management Internal controls Research.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,211, pp.859-865 Du, K., Huddart, S. and Xue, L., 2015. Internal controls and Asset Prices Diatmika, I.W.B., Irianto, G. and Baridwan, Z., 2016. Determinants of Behavior Intention Of Internal controls Based Information Technology Acceptance.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(8) Lipi, I., Rama, R. and Agaraj, X., 2015. Implications of Internal controls System Implementation in SMEs: A Study on Retail SCU Limited in Vlore Region.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(3), p.553 Ismail, N.A. and King, M., 2014. Factors influencing the alignment of Internal controls in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms.Journal of Information Systems and Small SCU Limited,1(1-2), pp.1-20 Uyar, A., Gungormus, A.H. and Kuzey, C., 2017. Impact of the Internal controls System on Corporate Governance: Evidence from Turkish Non-Listed Companies.Australasian Accounting SCU Limited Finance Journal,11(1), p.9 Amran, A.M., Rahman, R.A., Yusof, S.N.S. and Mohamed, I.S., 2014. The current practice of Islamic microfinance institutions Internal controls system via the implementation of mobile banking.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,145, pp.81-87 Tazik, H. and Mohammed, Z.M., 2014, February. Internal controls system effectiveness, foreign ownership and timeliness of corporate financial report. InProceeding of(Vol. 5).

About John Stuart Mill, a Male Feminist and Philosopher

About John Stuart Mill, a Male Feminist and Philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806 to 1873) is best known for his writings on liberty, ethics, human rights and economics. The utilitarian ethicist Jeremy Bentham was an influence in his youth. Mill, an atheist, was godfather to Bertrand Russell. A friend was Richard Pankhurst, the husband of suffrage activist Emmeline Pankhurst. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor had 21 years of an unmarried, intimate friendship. After her husband died, they married in 1851. That same year, she published an essay, The Enfranchisement of Women, advocating for women being able to vote. It was barely three years after American women had called for womens suffrage at the Womans Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York. The Mills claimed that a transcript of a speech by Lucy Stone from the 1850 Womens Rights Convention was their inspiration. Harriet Taylor Mill died in 1858. Harriets daughter served as his assistant in subsequent years. John Stuart Mill published On Liberty shortly before Harriet died, and many believe that Harriet had more than a small influence on that work. The Subjection of Women Mill wrote The Subjection of Women in 1861, though it was not published until 1869. In this, he argues for education of women and for perfect equality for them. He credited Harriet Taylor Mill with co-authoring the essay, but few at the time or later took it seriously. Even today, many feminists accept his word on this, while many non-feminist historians and authors do not. The opening paragraph of this essay makes his position quite clear: The object of this Essay is to explain as clearly as I am able grounds of an opinion which I have held from the very earliest period when I had formed any opinions at all on social political matters, and which, instead of being weakened or modified, has been constantly growing stronger by the progress reflection and the experience of life. That the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes - the legal subordination of one sex to the other - is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other. Parliament From 1865 to 1868, Mill served as a Member of Parliament. In 1866, he became the first M.P. ever to call for women being given the vote, introducing a bill written by his friend Richard Pankhurst. Mill continued to advocate for womens vote along with other reforms including additional suffrage extensions. He served as president of the Society for Womens Suffrage, founded in 1867. Extending Suffrage to Women In 1861, Mill had published Considerations on Representative Government, advocating for for a universal but graduated suffrage. This was the basis for many of his efforts in Parliament. Here is an excerpt from chapter VIII, Of the Extension of the Suffrage, where he discusses womens voting rights: In the preceding argument for universal but graduated suffrage, I have taken no account of difference of sex. I consider it to be as entirely irrelevant to political rights as difference in height or in the color of the hair. All human beings have the same interest in good government; the welfare of all is alike affected by it, and they have equal need of a voice in it to secure their share of its benefits. If there be any difference, women require it more than men, since, being physically weaker, they are more dependent on law and society for protection. Mankind have long since abandoned the only premises which will support the conclusion that women ought not to have votes. No one now holds that women should be in personal servitude; that they should have no thought, wish, or occupation but to be the domestic drudges of husbands, fathers, or brothers. It is allowed to unmarried, and wants but little of being conceded to married women to hold property, and have pecuniary and business interests in the same manner as men. It is considered suitable and proper that women should think, and write, and be teachers. As soon as these things are admitted, the political disqualification has no principle to rest on. The whole mode of thought of the modern world is, with increasing emphasis, pronouncing against the claim of society to decide for individuals what they are and are not fit for, and what they shall and shall not be allowed to attempt. If the principles of modern politics and political economy are good for any thing, it is for proving that these points can only be rightly judged of by the individuals themselves; and that, under complete freedom of choice, wherever there are real diversities of aptitude, the greater number will apply themselves to the things for which they are on the average fittest, and the exceptional course will only be taken by the exceptions. Either the whole tendency of modern social improvements has been wrong, or it ought to be carried ou t to the total abolition of all exclusions and disabilities which close any honest employment to a human being. But it is not even necessary to maintain so much in order to prove that women should have the suffrage. Were it as right as it is wrong that they should be a subordinate class, confined to domestic occupations and subject to domestic authority, they would not the less require the protection of the suffrage to secure them from the abuse of that authority. Men, as well as women, do not need political rights in order that they may govern, but in order that they may not be misgoverned. The majority of the male sex are, and will be all their lives, nothing else than laborers in corn-fields or manufactories; but this does not render the suffrage less desirable for them, nor their claim to it less irresistible, when not likely to make a bad use of it. Nobody pretends to think that woman would make a bad use of the suffrage. The worst that is said is that they would vote as mere dependents, the bidding of their male relations. If it be so, so let it be. If they think for themselves, great go od will be done; and if they do not, no harm. It is a benefit to human beings to take off their fetters, even if they do not desire to walk. It would already be a great improvement in the moral position of women to be no longer declared by law incapable of an opinion, and not entitled to a preference, respecting the most important concerns of humanity. There would be some benefit to them individually in having something to bestow which their male relatives can not exact, and are yet desirous to have. It would also be no small matter that the husband would necessarily discuss the matter with his wife, and that the vote would not be his exclusive affair, but a joint concern. People do not sufficiently consider how markedly the fact that she is able to have some action on the outward world independently of him, raises her dignity and value in a vulgar mans eyes, and makes her the object of a respect which no personal qualities would ever obtain for one whose social existence he can ent irely appropriate. The vote itself, too, would be improved in quality. The man would often be obliged to find honest reasons for his vote, such as might induce a more upright and impartial character to serve with him under the same banner. The wifes influence would often keep him true to his own sincere opinion. Often, indeed, it would be used, not on the side of public principle, but of the personal interest or worldly vanity of the family. But, wherever this would be the tendency of the wifes influence, it is exerted to the full already in that bad direction, and with the more certainty, since under the present law and custom she is generally too utter a stranger to politics in any sense in which they involve principle to be able to realize to herself that there is a point of honor in them; and most people have as little sympathy in the point of honor of others, when their own is not placed in the same thing, as they have in the religious feelings of those whose religion differs f rom theirs. Give the woman a vote, and she comes under the operation of the political point of honor. She learns to look on politics as a thing on which she is allowed to have an opinion, and in which, if one has an opinion, it ought to be acted upon; she acquires a sense of personal accountability in the matter, and will no longer feel, as she does at present, that whatever amount of bad influence she may exercise, if the man can but be persuaded, all is right, and his responsibility covers all. It is only by being herself encouraged to form an opinion, and obtain an intelligent comprehension of the reasons which ought to prevail with the conscience against the temptations of personal or family interest, that she can ever cease to act as a disturbing force on the political conscience of the man. Her indirect agency can only be prevented from being politically mischievous by being exchanged for direct. I have supposed the right of suffrage to depend, as in a good state of things it would, on personal conditions. Where it depends, as in this and most other countries, on conditions of property, the contradiction is even more flagrant. There something more than ordinarily irrational in the fact that when a woman can give all the guarantees required from a male elector, independent circumstances, the position of a householder and head of a family, payment of taxes, or whatever may be the conditions imposed, the very principle and system of a representation based on property is set aside, and an exceptionally personal disqualification is created for the mere purpose of excluding her. When it is added that in the country where this is done a woman now reigns, and that the most glorious ruler whom that country ever had was a woman, the picture of unreason and scarcely disguised injustice is complete. Let us hope that as the work proceeds of pulling down, one after another, the remains of the mouldering fabric of monopoly and tyranny, this one will not be the last to disappear; that the opinion of Bentham, of Mr. Samuel Bailey, of Mr. Hare, and many other of the most powerful political thinkers of this age and country (not to speak of others), will make its way to all minds not rendered obdurate by selfishness or inveterate prejudice; and that, before the lapse another generation, the accident of sex, no more than the accident of skin, will be deemed a sufficient justification for depriving its possessor of the equal protection and just privileges of a citizen. (Chapter VIII Of the Extension of the Suffrage from Considerations of Representative Government, by John Stuart Mill, 1861.)

First Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War The First Battle of Bull Run was fought on July 21, 1861, during the American Civil War (1861-1865), and was the first major battle of the conflict. Advancing into northern Virginia, Union and Confederate troops clashed near Manassas Junction. Though Union forces held an early advantage, an overly-complex plan and the arrival of Confederate reinforcements led to their collapse and they were driven from the from field. The defeat shocked the public in the North and quashed hopes for a swift resolution to the conflict.   Background In the wake of the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 men to aid in putting down the rebellion. While this action saw additional states leave the Union, it also began a flow of men and material into Washington, DC. The growing body of troops in the nations capital was ultimately organized in to the Army of Northeastern Virginia. To lead this force, General Winfield Scott was compelled by political forces to select Brigadier General Irvin McDowell. A career staff officer, McDowell had never led men in combat and in many ways was as green as his troops. Assembling around 35,000 men, McDowell was supported to the west by Major General Robert Patterson and a Union force of 18,000 men. Opposing the Union commanders were two Confederate armies led by Brigadier Generals P.G.T. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston. The victor of Fort Sumter, Beauregard led the 22,000-man Confederate Army of the Potomac which was centered near Manassas Junction. To the west, Johnston was tasked with defending the Shenandoah Valley with a force of around 12,000. The two Confederate commands were linked by the Manassas Gap Railroad which would allow one to support the other if attacked (Map). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Irvin McDowell28,000-35,000 men Confederate Brigadier General P.G.T. BeauregardBrigadier General Joseph E. Johnston32,000-34,000 men Strategic Situation As Manassas Junction also provided access to the Orange Alexandria Railroad, which led into the heart of Virginia, it was critical that Beauregard hold the position. To defend the junction, Confederate troops began fortifying the fords to the northeast over Bull Run. Aware that the Confederates could shift troops along the Manassas Gap Railroad, Union planners dictated that any advance by McDowell be supported by Patterson with the goal of pinning Johnston in place. Under heavy pressure from the government to win a victory in northern Virginia, McDowell departed Washington on July 16, 1861. McDowells Plan Moving west with his army, he intended to make a diversionary attack against the Bull Run line with two columns while a third swung south around the Confederate right flank to cut their line of retreat to Richmond. To ensure that Johnston would not enter the fray, Patterson was ordered to advance up the Valley. Enduring extreme summer weather, McDowells men moved slowly and camped at Centreville on July 18. Searching for the Confederate flank, he dispatched Brigadier General Daniel Tylers division south. Advancing, they fought a skirmish at Blackburns Ford that afternoon and were forced to withdraw (Map). Frustrated in his efforts to turn the Confederate right, McDowell altered his plan and began efforts against the enemys left. His new plan called for Tylers division to advance west along the Warrenton Turnpike and conduct a diversionary assault across the Stone Bridge over Bull Run. As this moved forward, the divisions of Brigadier Generals David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman would swing north, cross Bull Run at Sudley Springs Ford, and descend on the Confederate rear. To the west, Patterson was proving a timid commander. Deciding that Patterson would not attack, Johnston began shifting his men east on July 19. The Battle Begins By July 20, most of Johnstons men had arrived and were situated near Blackburns Ford. Assessing the situation, Beauregard intended to attack north towards Centreville. This plan was preempted early on the morning of July 21 when Union guns began shelling his headquarters at the McLean House near Mitchells Ford. Despite having crafted an intelligent plan, McDowells attack was soon beset with issues due to poor scouting and the overall inexperience of his men. While Tylers men reached the Stone Bridge around 6:00 AM, the flanking columns were hours behind due to poor roads leading to Sudley Springs. Early Success Union troops began crossing the ford around 9:30 AM and pushed south. Holding the Confederate left was the 1,100-man brigade of Colonel Nathan Evans. Dispatching troops to contain Tyler at the Stone Bridge, he was alerted to the flanking movement by a semaphore communication from Captain E.P. Alexander. Shifting around 900 men northwest, he assumed a position on Matthews Hill and was reinforced by Brigadier General Barnard Bee and Colonel Francis Bartow. From this position they were able to slow the advance of Hunters lead brigade under Brigadier General Ambrose Burnside (Map). This line collapsed around 11:30 AM when the brigade of Colonel William T. Sherman struck their right. Falling back in disorder, they assumed a new position on Henry House Hill under the protection of Confederate artillery. Though possessing momentum, McDowell did not push forward, but instead brought up artillery under Captains Charles Griffin and James Ricketts to shell the enemy from Dogan Ridge. This pause allowed Colonel Thomas Jacksons Virginia Brigade to reach the hill. Positioned on the reverse slope of the hill, they were unseen by the Union commanders. The Tide Turns Advancing his guns without support, McDowell sought to weaken the Confederate line before attacking. After more delays during which the artillerymen took heavy losses, he began a series of piecemeal attacks. These were repulsed with the Confederate counterattacking in turn. In the course of this action, Bee exclaimed, There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Some controversy exists regarding this statement as some later reports claimed that Bee was upset at Jackson for not moving to his brigades aid faster and that stone wall was meant in a pejorative sense. Regardless, the name stuck to both Jackson and his brigade for the remainder of the war. In the course of the fighting, there were several issues of unit recognition as uniforms and flags had not been standardized (Map). On Henry House Hill, Jacksons men turned back numerous attacks, while additional reinforcements arrived on both sides. Around 4:00 PM, Colonel Oliver O. Howard arrived on the field with his brigade and took a position on the Union right. He soon came under heavy attack by Confederate troops led by Colonels Arnold Elzey and Jubal Early. Shattering Howards right flank, they drove him from the field. Seeing this, Beauregard ordered a general advance which caused the tired Union troops to begin a disorganized retreat towards Bull Run. Unable to rally his men, McDowell watched as the retreat became a rout (Map). Seeking to pursue the fleeing Union troops, Beauregard and Johnston initially hoped to reach Centreville and cut off McDowells retreat. This was thwarted by fresh Union troops which successfully held the road to the town as well as a rumor that a new Union attack was in the offing. Small groups of Confederates continued the pursuit capturing Union troops as well as dignitaries who had come from Washington to watch the battle. They also succeeded in hampering the retreat by causing a wagon to overturn on the bridge over Cub Run, blocking Union traffic. Aftermath In the fighting at Bull Run, Union forces lost 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 captured/missing, while the Confederates incurred 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing. The remnants of McDowells army flowed back into Washington and for some time there was concern that the city would be attacked. The defeat stunned the North which had expected an easy victory and led many to believe that the war would be long and costly. On July 22, Lincoln signed a bill calling for 500,000 volunteers and efforts began to rebuild the army. These ultimately came under the commander of Major General George B. McClellan. Reorganizing the troops around Washington and incorporating newly-arriving units, he constructed what would become the Army of the Potomac. This command would serve as the Unions primary army in the east for the rest of the war.

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Personal Statement - Essay Example Currently, Im a student at the Sheffield International College studying Business Law and social science foundation degree, in order to progress and enter the university to complete my undergraduate course in Law. It is my involvement with Law studies throughout the years, which has persuaded me to take up LLB for my undergraduate program. I am glad to mention that, during the end of my second year studies, when I was choosing the module for my final year, I got interested in Intellectual property studies. Moreover, my habit of reading newspapers and watching news channels has assisted me in knowing the global affairs and this, in turn, persuaded me to follow intellectual property studies. In his book, Macmillan (2008, pg.1) wrote: â€Å"A news paper tells about local and world news. It is also full of data and data is information†. The study on Intellectual property is a renowned one in today’s world and it is an essential study program for the current business world. Apart from my studies, I am proud to reveal that I have interned at two law firms in Oman and the UK. The first law firm was a leading one owned by Al Busaidi Mansoor Jamal and the second one was SNR Dentons in th e UK. I firmly believe that I am a right candidate to pursue Law studies, as I really have an eye for detail and also enjoy working on projects and assignments which are related to the current social issue of the today’s world. I am confident that my skill in handling evidence, debating and conducting arguments will enable be to successfully complete my law studies. I am ambitious and my confidence in my abilities will give me needed recognition in the selected field of work. As per Papadopoulou (2010), â€Å"being ambitious enables you to set goals in your career. You are not satisfied with simply doing what is asked of you. You are constantly on the lookout for

Bicycle Helmet Safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bicycle Helmet Safety - Research Paper Example Zhu et.al (2011) further noted that 90 percent of kids of between 3-5 years did own a bicycle but only 20 percent of them possessed a helmet. Head helmets are vital in preventing head injuries in children that may even result to severe brain damage. By recommending use of helmets in cycling, we provide care for our children and care is one of the many aspects of the nursing practice. This research paper seeks to establish how helmet wearing in children reduces the number of bicycle related injuries. In this section articles to be used were selected. The researcher rephrased the research question as â€Å"Amongst the children of ages 4 to 16 years, how is use of helmets in cycling compared to non-use effective in preventing cycling related accidents?† Through the use of the Google Scholar search Engine, the researcher was able to obtain eight scholarly articles perceived important for the study. Through use of appropriate exclusion criteria, the researcher was able to reduce the number of the articles to four. The exclusion criteria were based on the relevance of the article to the study as well as the date of publication of the article. The four articles selected were less than eight years old and very detailed on the matter under investigation. They were therefore considered admissible fur use in the study. This section provides a summary and analysis of the purposes of the four scholarly articles. The study by Quirke et.al (2009) was aimed at assessing self –wearing helmet practice in young children of ages of 8-13 years. Seeginli et.al (2014) sought to assess the rate of helmet wearing and the different factors associated with helmet wearing amongst children of ages 8 to 16 years. On the other hand, Georgia Health Science University (2012) sought to determine how educating kids on the use of helmets increases

The Earth energy-balance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Earth energy-balance - Term Paper Example This phenomenon is known as earth energy budget or earth energy balance. There are many factors that can deteriorate this balance and can contribute to significant changes in the climate of the earth. Earth Atmosphere: To understand how energy is received and returned to maintain energy balance it is important to understand what constitutes the atmosphere. There are five layers that surrounds the earth; exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere. Exosphere is the most outer space with particles so far apart that they do not affect the pathway of radiations from sun. Troposphere is the innermost layer that span from the earth surface to about 10 kilometers above. This layer is important as it provides the maximum reflection of radiation as discussed below. The following diagram (fig 1) demonstrates the inner three layers of earth atmosphere. Fig 1. Inner three layers of earth’s atmosphere Incoming radiation: Radiations from sun experience no interference as they travel undisturbed in space to reach the earth’s atmosphere. In the atmosphere, there are different layers with variable densities of gases and other molecules. When these radiations collide with these molecules they are deflected in many directions, a phenomenon known as scattering. An important concept to remember here is that these radiations that reach the earth have very small wavelength and not all but a small selective proportion of electromagnetic radiations can be scattered by molecular collision. (Ahrens, 2012). The rest of energy is absorbed by the earth system in various forms. Most of the energy is absorbed by the solid earth that increases the core and surface temperature. Part of the energy is absorbed by clouds, water vapors and other molecules present in the earth atmosphere. The following diagram (fig 2) represents the overall exchange budget of earth’s energy. Figure 2. Earth’s energy balance It is evident from the diagram that the tot al incoming energy absorbed by the earth system almost equals to the energy returned back to space thus maintaining energy balance. Outgoing radiations: The radiations received from sun can be returned back to space by two basic mechanisms as explained below. Reflection: Some of the energy that enters the atmosphere is reflected back as same short wavelength radiations identical to what was received from sun. Different component of earth’s atmosphere have variable ability to reflect these radiations and this property is known as ‘albedo’. Therefore, various surfaces have variable albedo. For example, deserts have high albedo because they are able to reflect about 40% of the radiations that reach them back into the space. On the other hand, ocean surfaces and rainforests have low albedo as they are able to reflect only a small proportion of radiations. (Ahrens, 2012). It is important to understand that those surfaces that have lower albedo tend to retain heat more than those with higher reflection abilities. By looking at fig 2, it can be observed that only a part of the radiations, about 30%, are reflected back into the space by earth surface, clouds and scattering process. There should be another way of returning the remaining 70% of the radiations which were absorbed by the atmosphere and the earth. Emission: Thermic emission is the most