Why Trial by Jury Should Be Retained Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why Trial by Jury Should Be Retained - Essay Example It is though this confidence that citizens appreciate the independence and the important role played by the judicial system. Trial through a jury has been a long tradition in the justice system that it is considered as unique approach in the justice system in that it requires the use of ordinary citizens without prior legal training to hear evidence in a court of law, make sense of the conflicting facts and the application of legal rules to reach a final verdict about which all or the majority of jurors can agree. Thousands of cases are heard and determined by juries annually and prediction regarding the potential verdicts has a large influence on the decisions required to settle civil lawsuits and in offering and accepting plea bargains in most criminal cases. Jury trials have therefore an important role to play in the law. It is through these juries that psychologists can better perceive how individuals perceive, interpret and remember evidence and the various ways in which the jur or members can establish consensus with one another. Largely, the use of these juries in trials is mainly observed as giving the public the power and entrusting them to govern themselves in that the members are just ordinary public with no prior training in law. Most western countries through this have undertaken to use juries in both criminal and civil cases. Does it mean that judges are not entrusted to pass out credible verdicts? Not really. Jurors are just intended to ensure that the trial has the view and acceptance of the ordinary man. ii. Facts and statistics on juries In 2005, about 16,397 tort cases were disposed by jury or bench with the jury hearing 90% of these cases. 80% of all jury trails globally takes place in the US 70% of Japanese citizens reluctant to serve in the jury In 2009, there were six verdicts over $1,000,000 in the US in medical malpractices with largest being at $23.6 million settled after trail (Day, 2010). iii. Objectives of the review This review has several objectives which are; Evaluating the importance of a jury Understanding how a jury operates Recommending the retention of juries in corridors of justice. iv. How jurors operate. Jurors in most cases do a good job in weighing the evidence provided and applying the law in passing out the verdict of an accused (Greene & Bornstein, 2000). Usually, where jurors are considered to have erred, there is evidence that the errors reflect well documented and universal psychological principles that may include heuristic reasoning and attribution errors (Greene & Bornstein, 2011). This may aid in watering down the numerous criticism along with extensive media coverage that portray sensitive cases that have been used to portray the jury as being incompetent and resulting to wrong judgments especially in criminal cases. These errors occurring within the acceptable and recognized psychological principles explain the overall usefulness of these juries in civil and criminal cases and further e xplain that there is an importance of retaining them in the corridors of justice. The lack of fairness in the court system may be attributed to: System not offering required protection to citizens form harm by bringing offenders to the required justice Proceedings in the court system being lengthy Outcome of sentences portraying a disconnection between the crime committed and the senesce handed to offenders (Falconer, 2006) Juries in most cases ensure that judges entrust fairness and preserve the issue of subjective decision making in convicting persons in a court of law (Lea, 2006). The role of jury is to weigh the evidence this is presented in court, apply the law as directed by the trial judge regarding the

Public Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Law - Assignment Example At what point is a constitutional convention said to exist? Scholars have developed several tests over time to indentify existed of a convention. They include Jennings test developed by Sir Ivor Jennings and Marshall and Moodie test. The objective of this paper is to examine the two tests, their differences and how both tests apply in case of an individual minister responsibility. Jennings test According to Sir Ivor Jennings, a constitutional convention exists if three core requirements are satisfied: (1) The must precedents underpinning it, (2) the parties to the particular convention must be bound by it and (3) there must be a reason for the existence of the convention. This test was adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada in Re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada.5 In this case, the government had proposed certain changes to the constitution without seeking consent of the provinces. The Constitution of Canada did not require consent of the provinces in such circumstances. Howev er, a convention had developed such that the consent of the provinces was always sought before such a change to the constitution. ... The main issue was whether education convention had been extended over time by custom to include advocacy correspondence. The court adopted Jennings test. It had no problem with establishing the first element since the prince had clearly been engaging in advocacy correspondence. With regard to the second element, the tribunal found that Prince Charles did not feel entitled to contact ministers and they did not feel they were obligated to respond as part of his â€Å"preparation for kingship.6 The third element was also finding lacking. The tribunal held that the education convention did not extend to advocacy correspondence: â€Å"it is the constitutional role of the monarch, not the heir to the throne, to encourage or warn government†.7 Consequently since two out of the three requirements failed, the tribunal held that the educational convention did not extend to advocacy.8 Marshall and Moodie test Marshal and Moodie9 state â€Å"a convention is a non-legal rule of constitu tional behavior which has been consistently accepted by those affected by it as binding on them, but which is not enforceable in the courts† Therefore, according to Marshal and Moodie, the question to ask is whether the convention has been consistently accepted by those to whom it is binding. Secondly, it has to be formulated on the basis of an acknowledged principle of government.10 According to the Upper Tribunal in Evans, â€Å"there was in fact nothing said by Marshall and Moodie which was inconsistent with what was said by Jennings†.11 However, the two tests exhibit some differences. To begin with, according to Jennings first test, the particular convention must have had a precedent. â€Å"A single precedent with a good reason may be enough to establish the

Managing the Multinational Firm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing the Multinational Firm - Research Paper Example A good example of this is bankrolling a retreat for legislators while threatening to relocate. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). Multinational corporations are able to affect the lives of the ordinary citizens through, among other things their products and employment policies. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). Their preference for employing workers under contract rather than permanent terms, for instance, has led to the emergence of 'permanent casuals', individuals employed under contract terms for their entire productive lives. Also multinationals are no longer the preserve of the industrialized west. They are emerging from the less developed nations and spreading their reach worldwide. The bulk of material in this paper has been sourced from written references and covers companies in different countries and operating environments. The paper will look at the obstacles and consequences of a company having a presence in several countries. It will also study the people factor a s reflected in cultural differences and work ethic. The question of administering operations both local and overseas and competitive advantage is also considered. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). As a manager of a multinational company I one has access to huge sums of money due to economies of sale and access to a very large market. The manager can also raise capital on international equity market. This enables the company to invest heavily in research development capital goods and employee development. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). These will in turn lead to further increase in revenue. Innovations will lead to an improvement in living standard in countries where the multinational has a presence. The multinational will also create employment through growth of support industries to supply the multinational with raw materials. The multinational will also boost foreign exchange reserves in the home country generated by exports. With its presence alone the multinational will raise the bar for national producers and force them to raise he standards of their goods. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). Multinational corporation also purchase local firms by way of investment exposing their goods to a wilder market and profiting the original entrepreneur e.g. Google's purchase of you tube multinational companies also boost trade as most world trade is between companies in the process they facilitate spread of technology and also act as a conduct for local firms to get their goods onto the international market. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). Multinational firms also provide technological know how, same of which requires large capital investment. The sums involved may be out reach a government but quite reasonable for a multinational company. They may also have the technology and simple pass it on. By investing in other countries they are able to capitalize on the knowledge gained and test it more thoroughly in different scenarios other than those already a encounter. Daniels, Sullivan & Radebaugh (2006). Reputable multinationals can also allow private individuals or small business to benefit from their size reputation and accumulated expenses agreements.

Public Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Law - Assignment Example At what point is a constitutional convention said to exist? Scholars have developed several tests over time to indentify existed of a convention. They include Jennings test developed by Sir Ivor Jennings and Marshall and Moodie test. The objective of this paper is to examine the two tests, their differences and how both tests apply in case of an individual minister responsibility. Jennings test According to Sir Ivor Jennings, a constitutional convention exists if three core requirements are satisfied: (1) The must precedents underpinning it, (2) the parties to the particular convention must be bound by it and (3) there must be a reason for the existence of the convention. This test was adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada in Re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada.5 In this case, the government had proposed certain changes to the constitution without seeking consent of the provinces. The Constitution of Canada did not require consent of the provinces in such circumstances. Howev er, a convention had developed such that the consent of the provinces was always sought before such a change to the constitution. ... The main issue was whether education convention had been extended over time by custom to include advocacy correspondence. The court adopted Jennings test. It had no problem with establishing the first element since the prince had clearly been engaging in advocacy correspondence. With regard to the second element, the tribunal found that Prince Charles did not feel entitled to contact ministers and they did not feel they were obligated to respond as part of his â€Å"preparation for kingship.6 The third element was also finding lacking. The tribunal held that the education convention did not extend to advocacy correspondence: â€Å"it is the constitutional role of the monarch, not the heir to the throne, to encourage or warn government†.7 Consequently since two out of the three requirements failed, the tribunal held that the educational convention did not extend to advocacy.8 Marshall and Moodie test Marshal and Moodie9 state â€Å"a convention is a non-legal rule of constitu tional behavior which has been consistently accepted by those affected by it as binding on them, but which is not enforceable in the courts† Therefore, according to Marshal and Moodie, the question to ask is whether the convention has been consistently accepted by those to whom it is binding. Secondly, it has to be formulated on the basis of an acknowledged principle of government.10 According to the Upper Tribunal in Evans, â€Å"there was in fact nothing said by Marshall and Moodie which was inconsistent with what was said by Jennings†.11 However, the two tests exhibit some differences. To begin with, according to Jennings first test, the particular convention must have had a precedent. â€Å"A single precedent with a good reason may be enough to establish the

Essay on Airline Business Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

On Airline Business - Essay Example The three leading flag carriers in Europe, Lufthansa, Air France-KLM and IAG have been demonstrating high operating costs and failure of their short and medium haul flights. The project analyzes the present position and future prospects of these airlines against the European crisis which shook the industry to a considerable extent. Based on the past trends of performance, future performances are estimated for these three airlines and their comparative positions in the industry too. A comparative analysis of the airlines against the emerging airlines in other parts of the world is also provided in the project (Bloomberg, 2012). ... The UK government has levied some of the hardest taxes on the aviation industry. The airfare passenger duty in UK is approaching ?100 on certain tickets. However it fundamentally does not consider adding capacity in London where it is most required. This issue would not have been very prominent if there was no competition. The low cost carriers have grown stronger over the years. Although they are confronted with the same government issues, they have lower operating costs as compared to the legacy airlines and can make higher profits at lower fares (Alemanno, 2011, p.35). International Airlines Group (IAG) joined the ranks of its full service peers Air France KLM Group and Lufthansa Group reported an operating loss with a high cost of fuel which was consequently responsible for nullity of the rise in passenger traffic along with rise in unit costs. The results show a deteriorating condition for IAG as compared to the other two airlines. The deteriorating results of IAG demonstrate a two tier performance inside the group. The Spanish unit of IAG incurred a huge loss amounting to ?170 million from its operating activities in the first 3 months of the year 2012. In the previous year the loss was ?100 million. The financial highlights for the 3 airlines is provided in the below table. (Source: CAPA, 2012) Fuel burden also seems to have taken the maximum toll on IAG as compared to the other airlines. Its operating expense grew by more than 11.5% to ?4.2 billion against a fuel price increase of 7.5%. The fuel costs of the organization during the first quarter of 2012 rose by 24.9% year on year which was driven by higher prices and the reduced impacts of emission charges and hedging (CAPA,

Letter to Congress Essay Example for Free

Letter to Congress Essay My name is Vanessa, I am a Registered Nurse currently enrolled in the BSN program at University of Phoenix. I am writing this letter to identify a healthcare bill and discuss its impact on direct service delivery in the public healthcare setting. The letter also presents the cons and pros of the bill, in addition to summarizing the impact of the bill on healthcare coverage and patient care. The aim of the letter is to request your support for the bill. The healthcare bill that needs your support in order to ensure successful implementation and improved healthcare services delivery is a bill that offers healthcare coverage for illegal immigrants not covered by the Affordable Care Act. The Bill is called Healthcare for All. State Senator Ricardo Lara (D-33) sponsors it. The bill aims to extend healthcare insurance coverage to people not covered in the ACA Act (Russ, 2014). The most important aspect of the bill is that it seeks to ensure that healthcare is affordable and accessible to all people in the country. The bill is motivated by the fact that failure to provide coverage will create gaps in service delivery. It requires your support because it targets to lower the rates of uninsured citizens through the expansion of healthcare insurance coverage. It is important to note that several pros are associated with the bill. Some of the pros of the Act include introduction of mechanisms such as mandates, subsidies and insurance exchang es to illegal immigrants. The strategy assures that illegal immigrants in States such as California will receive the same healthcare insurance plans afforded to citizens of California. Under this bill, illegal immigrants will be given premium cost sharing reductions and subsidies. The mechanisms increase the coverage and  affordability of healthcare insurance. The bill dubbed Healthcare for All will provide coverage to uninsured residents through the expansion of the existing Act (Russ, 2014). Additionally, it will create new healthcare insurance exchanges, which will enable undocumented people to purchase coverage. The objective of the bill is to create a healthy state where everyone can access affordable and quality healthcare coverage. Under the Bill, undocumented people will qualify for Medicaid coverage that has been fully paid by the state. The bill presents a required solution that addresses inadequate compensation systems and inefficiencies of state healthcare systems. The bill needs your support because it will offer two options to the undocumented immigrants. The first option is the extension of Medicaid to people, who earn below the poverty level. The second option is insurance exchange to people who earn above the poverty level. It will help in minimizing overcrowding in emergency rooms. The main disadvantage of the Act is that it creates new taxes, particularly on citizens. Providing illegal immigrants in California with healthcare insurance is an expensive venture because it will force citizens to pay more taxes in order to address the healthcare needs of illegal immigrants (Russ, 2014). Based on these findings, I request your support for the bill. It is clear that the pros of the bill will improve healthcare service delivery in a holistic manner without the need to discriminate against the illegal immigrants. Supporting the bill shows your constituents and public that you seek to improve the healthcare sector and service delivery. The main impact of the bill is the reduction of the number of uninsured people. Your support is needed in order for Congress to pursue solutions to practical problems that millions of Americans face. Thank you for your time. Sincerely References Jonas, S., Goldsteen, R. L., Goldsteen, K., Jonas, S. (2013). Jonas introduction to the U.S. health care system. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Russ, K. (2014). California Senator Offers Controversial Bill To Cover Healthcare Costs For Illegal Immigrants Not Covered By ACA. Justice Foundation in Defense of Veterans. Los Angeles.

Vitamin C Deterioration in Orange Juice

Vitamin C Deterioration in Orange Juice This experimental investigation was designed to examine the deterioration of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) content when placed in conditions with different oxidization and temperature exposure. Home brand orange juice was placed in different temperatures, such as room temperature, freezer, and fridge. Also with different oxidization as one beaker from each temperature was covered with glad wrap. Over 6 weeks, mold, smells, fungi, bacteria and evaporation where just some of the observations that we made. Although, as well as observing we took test results and it was evident that freezer uncovered and freezer covered had the most content of vitamin c preserved. Over 6 weeks 8ml of orange juice was used from each beaker to test with indophenol, with most juices the juice can be added to the indophenol solution until the juice becomes clear. In some cases the orange juice wont change clear, and go a pinky brown. For this reason a control is used to compare colours. Over 6 weeks the experimen t was conducted, data was collected and reached a conclusion based on the findings. Introduction: [4] Vitamin c is an organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, vitamin c is a water-soluble vitamin, being water-soluble this means that the body doesnt store it. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is one of the least toxic substances and this is why vitamin c is necessary for growth and development; it helps repair tissue in all parts of the body. [10]Vitamin c helps the body make an important protein called collagen, in which is used to make skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels, vitamin c is also essential for healing wounds and helping maintain and repair bones and teeth. [4] Vitamin C is also essential in an individuals health for the maintenance of healthy connective tissue, which gives support and structure for other tissues and organs. [5]However, the protective role of vitamin C goes far beyond our skin and gums. Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, joint diseases and cataracts are all associated with vitamin C deficiency and can be partly prevented by optimal intake of vitamin C. [6]Vitamin C achieves much of its protective effect by functioning as an antioxidant and preventing oxygen-based damage to our cells. Structures that contain fat (like the lipoprotein molecules that carry fat around our body) are particularly dependent on vitamin C for protection. The human body uses vitamin c to complete a variety of chemical reactions, for example providing energy to cells and sending information through to neutrons. [7]Vitamin C is also very important because it metabolizes cholesterol, which means it may help lower cholesterol levels. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient responsible for manufacturing compounds and aiding in basic chemical functions. Humans must ingest vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, because we cannot make it ourselves. [11]The body gets its daily allowance of this vitamin by eating raw fruits and vegetables as part of a healthy diet. [8]Vitamin C is needed in order to help the body to protect cells and to keep them healthy. Vitamin C is found wide variety of foods, mainly being in the fruit and vegetable areas. Good sources include: Broccoli Brussel sprouts Sweet potatoes Oranges Kiwi fruit Red berries Red and green bell peppers Tomatoes spinach Juices made from guava, grapefruit, and orange Vitamin C deficiencies occur as part of general under nutrition, but severe deficiency is uncommon. Vitamin C deficiency symptoms include: Dry and splitting hair Bleeding gums Rough, dry, scaly skin Decreased wound-healing rate Easy bruising Nosebleeds Weakened tooth enamel Swollen and painful joints Anemia Decreased ability to fight infection Possible weight gain because of slowed metabolism [21]A severe vitamin C deficiency is called scurvy, is a medical condition caused by a lack of vitamin C. Left untreated, scurvy can be fatal, but fortunately this condition is extremely easy to address, as all that is required to eliminate scurvy is an increase of vitamin C intake. Scurvy is relatively rare in the modern era, thanks to widespread knowledge about the need for vitamin C, but it sometimes appears in malnourished individuals, infants, and the elderly. Early signs of scurvy include fatigue and joint pain. If the condition is allowed to progress, a distinctive rash will develop on the legs, the mucus membranes will start to bleed, former fracture sites may come apart, and the patient will experience severe muscle weakness. The lack of vitamin C allows the connective tissues of the body to essentially pull apart, allowing blood to leak freely through the blood vessels, and causing long-term damage to the muscles if the condition is not caught early. If vitamin C an individual intakes too much vitamin C it can result in stomach pain, diarrhea and flatulence. [9]As humans cannot synthesize Vitamin C in their own bodies, there have a great need for dietary supplements of it. Although, good sources of vitamin C are fresh fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits. Vitamin C can also be made in a laboratory; most experts recommend getting vitamin C from a diet high in fruits and vegetables rather than taking supplements. Vitamin c supplements are effective for treatment and prevention of vitamin C deficiency, including scurvy, also these supplements are likely to be effective for improving the way the body absorbs iron and treating a disease called tyrosinemia in newborns when given as an injection. [2]Vitamin C is safe for most people when taken by mouth in recommended doses or when applied to the skin. In some people, vitamin C might cause nausea, vomiting, heartburn, stomach cramps, headache, and other side effects. The chance of getting these side effects increases the more vitamin C you take. Amounts higher than 2000 mg per day are at risk and may cause side effects, including kidney stones and severe diarrhea. In people who have had a kidney stone, amounts greater than 1000 mg per day greatly increase the risk of kidney stone recurrence. [3]Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant and as a coenzyme. Molecules called free radicals are formed during normal cell metabolism. Free radicals cause damage by reacting with fats and proteins in cell membranes and genetic material. This process is called oxidation. Antioxidants like vitamin C are compounds that attach themselves to free radicals so that it is impossible for the free radical to react with, or oxidize, other molecules. During the manufacturing stage of processing Orange juice manufacture add extra vitamin C into the liquid in order for the orange juice to deteriorate less than usual, this is also so the orange juice content abides with the label that is processed onto the packaging, this same label also states requirements after opening the juice in order when to store the juice and at what temperature. If false statements are given on the label the manufacture can face serious consequences. Therefore, the aim of this experiment is to investigate what environmental factors cause the rate of vitamin c to deteriorate quicker, with variable conditions being oxygen exposure, different temperatures and also oxidization. Our hypothesis is that the room temperature would lose vitamin c faster due to the factors of temperature oxidization. Materials 2L Home brand orange juice 6 x250ml beakers 9xPipettes 18x Test tubes 3xTest tube racks glad wrap paper pen sticky take Indophenol solution 0.1% 2xWatch glasses 1x scalpel Method A All materials were gathered Each beaker was designated a number(1-6) which is written on a piece of paper and stuck to beaker using sticky tape The beakers are then put in pairs (1-2,3-4,5-6) Each beaker pair is then designated to an area room temperature (25degrees-37degrees), fridge (3 degrees) and freezer (-5 degrees) this is also written on the paper attached to beaker 230mL of home brand orange juice was then carefully poured into each beaker Each beaker was then tested with indophenol to find standard (refer to method B) In each designated area (room temperature, fridge or freezer) one beaker was chosen to be covered with glad wrap making the liquid unable to breathe. Each beaker was then placed in designated area and leave juices for one week Gathered 18x test tubes 3x test tube rack and 9xpepits and 2x watch glasses 1x scalpel Gathered all samples of juice and placed on designated safe work bench Observed any noticeable changes (smells, colours, molds fungi) and recorded in log book 15 drops of indophenol was put into each test tube using a pipette Using a pipette orange juice was carefully added to the indophenol solution each drop was carefully counted and swirled after each drop until a colour changed occurred. Recorded how many drops in each test tube along with what designated area and covered or non-covered Retested each beaker once a week by repeating steps 9-12 On Microsoft excel, each week data was entered in, and created a table format, with the headings, which test it was 1-6, average and standard error, with each weeks tests results (number of drops) being put under the headings 1-6 and also what it was and where (fridge uncovered.) This was done each week and a line graph was made Method B- establishing standard Placed 15 drops of indophenol solution into a test tube Added 0.1% ascorbic acid solution, one drop at a time, into the indophenol. Counted the drops added. Swirled the test tube after each drop was added Continued until the indophenol becomes colorless What was the total number drops of 0.1% ascorbic acid solution required to decolorize the indophenol solution. Results Graph no. 3- Abscorbic Acid Standard Photo 1: Week 1 Beakers with labels Photo 2: Week 2- Mold and fungal organisms present on room  temperature covered Photo 3: Week 3- Obvious colour change in beaker 4, water vapor  present on beaker 3 and beaker 2 significant evaporation Photo 4 Photo 5: Week 4- Change of colour in beaker 3 and 4 evaporation in beaker 2 Photo 6: 5- Obvious colour change and evaporation in beaker 1 2 Photo 7: Week 6- Photo 8: Week 6- Fungal organisms in room temperature beakers Photo 9: Week 6- Fungal organism found in beaker 3 room temperature covered fridge covered fridge uncovered Room temp covered Room temp uncovered Freezer covered Freezer uncovered It is highly evident that the main trends throughout this experiment are: The higher the temperature the increase in level of evaporation The uncovered samples above freezing displayed much higher level of evaporation compared to covered samples The freezing samples displayed same amount of evaporation for covered and uncovered Orange juice becomes more intense over the content of 6 weeks due to evaporation Fungal organisms increase the vitamin c content Evaporation played a major part in this experiment. Evaporation is the process of liquid turning into gas by mechanisms such as: the fastest moving molecules at the surface of the liquid have enough energy to break the attractive bonds with other molecules. They then escape the surface of the substances. Since at higher temperatures the molecules have more kinetic energy, more of them are likely to escape and so evaporation occurs more quickly at higher temperatures. The rate of evaporation is higher due to factors such as: increased temperatures, high humidity and wind exposure. [15,16,17] Oxidization is a common form of chemical reaction which is the combining of oxygen with various elements and compounds; oxidation also transfers hydrogen atoms or electrons from one molecule to another. Oxidization is a reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and the valence of the element is correspondingly increased. .[12, 14] Oxygen, the most plentiful element on earth, combines readily with numerous other elements. When combined with other elements in a compound or molecule, oxygen frequently is an electron hog. It takes electrons away from many other elements and this oxidizes them. The oxygen takes the negatively charged electrons and becomes a negatively charged ion. The oxygen has been reduced. However without certain factors affecting the rate of oxidization, it can be reduced quiet significantly.[12,13,14] A number of factors affect the oxidation rate, including temperature, pressure, crystal orientation, oxygen source (oxygen or water) and impurity doping. Oxide growth rate is very sensitive to temperature, because the oxygen diffusion rate in silicon dioxide is exponentially related with temperature, increasing temperature can significantly increase the oxide growth. Oxide growth rate is also related to the oxygen source. Dry oxidation with O2 has a lower oxide growth rate than wet oxidation with H2O. This is because the diffusion rate of the oxygen molecule O2 in silicon dioxide is lower than that of hydroxide HO generated from the dissociation of H2O molecules at high temperature. Therefore the wet oxidation process is preferred to grow thick oxide layers. [ 13,14] Fungi are classified within their own kingdom The Kingdom Fungi, while some are in the Kingdom Protista. A fungus is similar to a plant, but it has no chlorophyll and cannot make its own food like a plant can through photosynthesis. They get their food by absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. The kingdom includes the yeasts, molds, smuts, and mushrooms. Fungi must take in food materials synthesized by other organisms due to the absence of chlorophyll; the fungi cannot photosynthesize their food from simple substances. Saprophytic fungi derive food from dead and decaying materials. [18,19,20] Fungi exist in various habitats, including deep down in the ocean, lakes, rocks, deserts, very salty environments, and areas of extremely high or low temperatures. However, factors such as temperature, water and light all affect the rate of fungal organisms growing. Fungi grow best in warm temperatures. Various species of fungi do grow better at warm temperatures; moreover, there are a number of fungal organisms that thrive in very high temperatures of and few that will thrive in very low temperatures below freezing. [18,19,20] Fungi need lots of water to grow. For most fungi this is true. This is why fungi are more of a problem in the tropics than in temperate areas of the world. Personal property that is normally safe from fungi, such as clothing and shoes, can be damaged in the tropics. However, some fungi can grow in very dry conditions. At the other extreme, there are also fungi that can live under water. Also, fungi can only grow in the dark. For the most part, light does not play a role in how well fungi grow. [18,19,20] It is evident in the results that the higher the temperature the increased level of evaporation, by viewing the outcome in the evaporation graph it can be seen that the fridge uncovered sample evaporated 7x more than the freezer sample and the room temperature uncovered evaporated 14x more than the freezer samples. This is due to the higher temperatures in the room which increases the movement of molecules at the surfaces of the orange juice resulting in the molecules having enough energy to break the attractive bonds with other molecules, resulting in the molecules escaping the surface of the substance, and escaping into the air as water vapor. It was apparent that room temperature uncovered sample (25-37degrees) had evaporated the most. The reason being that, this beaker was in direct sunlight, increasing the temperature and the juice temperature was increased over the other samples. This is due to the fact the molecules of a warmer liquid (room temperature) are vibrating more frequently and with more energy than in a cool liquid(freezer). The added energy of heat therefore makes it easier for a given molecule to escape the liquid. Oxidization impacted the results significantly as the uncovered samples above freezing displayed much higher evaporation compared to covered samples. This is due the samples of uncovered beakers easier being able to obtain more oxygen; this is because the oxide growth rate growing process grows thick oxide layers within a wet or damp area. Also, the juice was subject to higher temperatures, this was because there was no layer in between the gas, to the orange juice, it is apparent that through our data the higher the temperature increases significant oxide growth. It was demonstrated that at freezing both evaporation and oxidization had minimal affect on the samples. On the evaporation graph it is evident that there was minimal evaporation within the both freezing samples. Both freezing samples evaporated approximately 10ml over the duration of 6 weeks. This is because the freezer temperature being at -10 degrees it would have slowed down the process of evaporation due to the fact the molecules would have been moving slower than usual and it would have had insufficient energy amount to break the attractive bonds with other molecules. Making the substance unable to escape from the liquid. At freezing it is evident there is little kinetic energy within the sample resulting in almost no evaporation and zero oxidization as both the covered and uncovered samples returned the same result. It was evident through our data that the ascorbic acid content changed dramatically over time. The orange juice became more intense over the content of 6 weeks, with each sample ascorbic levels increasing or staying the same. This is evident in the change in % ascorbic acid content over time. Over the duration of 6 weeks it was evident due to the results that via, oxidation and evaporation the juices became more intense with vitamin c. Not only was it oxidation and evaporation, but it also includes fungal growth. Fungal growth played a major part in the room temperature samples. Over the duration of this experiment fungal growth was observed, first sighted in week two. From the data our results showed, fungal organisms and bacteria increase the levels of vitamin c. Fungal organisms thrive in warmer conditions and of off moister this is evident in the way the fungal organisms only grew in the room temperature samples. In the warmer climate the bacteria and fungi reproduce faster and more frequent, this would increase the growth of fungal organisms within the room temperature samples.[22] Kambucha tea is an example where fungal organisms secrete vitamin c into the drink, the drink is known as the miracle fungus. Kambucha tea relates to this experiment and the orange juice b ecause, they both have vitamin c being produced into the liquid via, fungal organisms. Our hypothesis was that room temperature would lose vitamin c the fastest, from the data and results that were produced, it is evident that the room temperature samples within the first 1-3 weeks dropped significantly, however, in week 3 there was a sudden change to the results and both room temperature samples started increasing in vitamin c content. Therefore our statement was correct for the first 1-3 weeks and then deemed incorrect for the final results of this experiment. In conclusion, the major outcomes of this experiment are that evaporation, oxidization, and fungal organisms are all different factors that have affected the orange juice deterioration process. Temperatures and oxygen exposure also played a large role throughout this experiment. In doing this experiment again in the future, more research and prior background knowledge would have been benefited. Also, having more temperature variables would increase the data and would help in order to broaden this experiment. The author would like to acknowledge Katy Ollard and Maddison Hoffman in working well as a team and helping each other in order to increase background knowledge. As well as Mr. Fesuk, in helping in providing background knowledge about vitamin c and kambucha tea and helping within the practical side as well.